Western European Empire 1.Charlemagne
A.Rules the western European empire. -MH
B.Fought Muslim forces in northern Spain. -MH
C.Sent three embasies to Baghdad and received three in [[#|return]]. -MH
D.Embassies dealt with the issues of the safety of Christian pilgrims and merchants that [[#|travel in]] Abbasis-controlled Syria and Palestine, relations between Charlemagne's realm and neighboring Muslim Spain, and policy toward the Byzantine empire. -MH
E.Charlemagnes's realm was weak and poor compared to Abbasid empire. -MH
Charlemagne's Empire
-MH
Abbasid empire
-MH
F.500 to 1500 C.E.: Medieval period of European history (between the classical era and modern times). -MH
G.500 to 1000 C.E.: European peoples laid foundations for political, economic, cultural society. -MH
H.Early Medieval Europe was politically disunited and disorganized. -MH
The Quest for Political[[#|Order]] 1.Franks
A.(Late fifth century C.E.) Germanic invaders created successor states throughout western Roman empire. -MH
B.(Late eighth and early ninth centuries) Franks looked to reestablish imperial authority in western Europe. -MH
C.(Late ninth century) Frankish empire has internal power struggles and invasions by Muslims, Hungarian Magyars, and the Vikings. -MH
Germanic Successor States 1.Germanic Kingdoms
A.
Germanic Kingdom
[[#|Region]]
Time Period
How The Kingdom Ended
Visigoths
Spain
470s-early eighth century
Muslim invasions
Ostrogoths
Italy
fifth century-530s
Justinian's forces reasserting imperial authority
Lombards
Italy
mid sixth centuty-mid eighth century
Burgundians
Gaul
Angels/Saxons
Britain
-MH -MH
B.Citizens of the Germanic kingsoms converted to Christianity and adapted Roman law to the needs of their societies. -MH
C.Franks state controlled about half of the territories from the western Roman empire. -MH
D.(476 C.E.) Germanic general Odoacer took control from the last of the western Roman emperors. -MH 2.The Franks
A.The Franks: Center of gravity shifted from Italy to northern lands. -MH
B.Influenced political, social, and cultural developments of western Europe. -MH
C.Had decentralized political institutions. -MH
D.Formed an alliance with the western Christian church. -MH
E.Helped Roman Christianity maintain its cultural and religious importance in western Europe. -MH
The Franks and the Temporary Revival of Empire 1.Clovis
A.Strong military/political leader. -MH
B.Ruled the Franks from 481-511. -MH
C.Made the Franks the preeminent military/political power in western Europe. -MH
D.(486 C.E.) Frankish forces wiped out the last vestiges of Roman authority in Gaul under Clovis's lead. -MH
E.Military campaigns against other Germanic peoples. -MH 2.Clovis's Conversions
A.Most Germanic peoples accepted Arian Christianity. -MH
B.Clovis converted to Roman Christianity. -MH
C.The Franks converted to Roman Christianity. -MH
D.Franks began an alliance with the church of Rome because of their conversion. -MH
E.The alliance with the church of Rome strengthened the Franks. -MH 3.The Carolingians
A.Clovis's successor ruled Frankish kingdom until early eighth century. -MH
B.Aristocratic clan of Carolingians displaced the line of Clovis and asserted the authority of the central government. -MH
C.Charles Martel is the founder of the dynasty. -MH
D.Charles Martel was never the king of the Franks (he served as a deputy to the last of Clovis's descendants). -MH
E.(751 C.E.) Charle's son claimed the throne. -MH
Carolingian Empire
4.Charlemagne
A.Charles Martel's grandson. -MH
B.Reigned from 768 to 814. -MH
C.Reestablished centralized imperial rule. -MH
D.(When he inherited the throne) The realm included modern France, Belgium, Netherlands, and southwestern Germany. -MH
E.(By his death) Empire extended to northeastern Spain, Bavaria, Italy, and Rome. -MH 5.Charlemagne's Administration
A.Established a court and capital at Aachen (in modern Germany). -MH
B.Traveled throughout his realm to maintain authority. -MH
C.Relied on aristocratic deputies (known as counts) (the counts held political, military, and legal authority in local jurisdictions). -MH
D.He instituted a new group of imperial officials, known as missi dominici. They traveled every year to all local jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities (instituted in order to bring the counts under tighter control). -MH 6.Charlemagne as Emperor
A.(800 C.E.) Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor. -MH
B.Pope Leo III proclaimed Charlemagne Emperor (This event is known as his coronation).
C.The coronation strained relations with Byzantine emperors. -MH
Decline and Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire 1.Louis the Pious
A.Charlemagne's only surviving son. -MH
B.Reigned 814-840. -MH
C.Lost control of his counts and local authorities (they began to follow their own interests and ignore the central government). -MH
D.Louis had three sons who inherited the empire and would divide the empire into three equal portions in 843 C.E. -MH
E.Carolingian empire dissolved within a century of its creation. -MH 2.Invasions
A.Muslims raided South, seized Sicily, parts of northern Italy and southern France. -MH
B.Magyars invaded from the east. -MH
C.Vikings invaded from the north. -MH -MH 3.Norse Expansion
A.Motives: population pressure, resisting Christian missionaries. -MH
B.Viking invasions represented one dimension of the larger process of Norse expansion. -MH
C.Some mounted raids in many European regions from Russia to Spain. -MH
D.(1000 C.E.) A group established a colony at Newfoundland (modern Canada) and explored the Atlantic coast of North America (colonies in North America only survived for a few decades). -MH
E.Most Norse seafares were merchants and migrants. -MH
F.Vikings refers to Norse settlements from eastern Europe to Mediterranean lands. -MH 4.The Vikings
A.Sailed shallow-draft boats that could cross heavy seas and rivers of interior regions of Europe. -MH
B.Timed their attacks and took advantage of the tides. -MH
C.Vikings' Attacks
Year
Who they invaded
844 C.E.
Settlements along the Garonne River (southern France)
845 C.E.
Attacked Hamburg in northern Germany
855 C.E.
Attacked Paris
994 C.E.
Raided London
Ninth and tenth centuries
Raided Constantinople three times
-MH
The Establishment of Regional Authorities 1.Caronlingians Defense
A.Carolingians defense against the Magyars, Muslims, and the Vikings was all on the local forces. -MH 2.England
A.Viking invasions brought small kingdoms (Angles, Saxons, other Germanic peoples) to merge into one realm. -MH
B.The leader of the effort to merge the kingdoms into one kingdom was King Alfred (reigned 871-899). -MH
C.King Alfred expanded the kingdom to the north. -MH
D.King Alfred built a navy and constructed fortresses to challenge and gain protection from the Vikings. -MH 3.Germany
A.Local lords took matters into their own hands to prevent invasions by the Magyars. -MH
B.Most successful of the local lords was King Otto I of Saxony (reigned 936-973). -MH
C.King Otto I defeated the Magyar army. -MH
D.The pope proclaimed King Otto I as Emperor (however it was a German kingdom, not an empire). -MH
E.King Otto I imposed authority in Germany and led his armies to support the papacy in Italy. -MH 4.France
A.Counts (of the Carolingian empire) ruled their own territories by collecting taxes, organizing armed forces, building castles, and providing justice. -MH
B.Vikings had settlements in northern France. -MH
C.A centralized imperial rule was impossible because of the effective regional kingdoms. -MH
D.A foundation for social, economic, and cultural development was established by the different states. -MH
Organizing a Decentralized Society (Early Medieval Society) 1.Nobles
A.After Carolingian empire dissolved, local nobles built decentralized states. -MH
B.Local nobles (including counts) were responsible for maintaining order in their territory. -MH
C.Nobles collected rents/fees, administered local affairs, mobilized armed forces, decided legal disputes. -MH 2.Lords and Retainers
A.Lords provided retainers with a grant known as a benefice (it was usually land). -MH
B.Grants allowed retainers to focus all their time and energy to the service of the lords. -MH
C.Lord provided retainers with resources to maintain horses and military equipment. -MH
D.Lord and retainer relationships become stronger throughout time and retainer status became hereditary. -MH 3.Potential for Instability
A.Some retainers would pursue their own interests rather than the interests of their lords. -MH
B.The decentralized political order had a strong potential to lead to political chaos. -MH
C.One could be a lord and a retainer at the same time. -MH
D.Sometimes conflicting loyalties led to instability. -MH
Serfs and Manors 1.Serfs
A.Development of decentralized political order brought changes for slaves and free peasents. -MH
B.The population of western Europe was mostly slaves and free peasents. -MH
C.Slaves and peasents took agricultural taska and frequently intermarried. -MH
D.(Mid-seventh century) Intermediate categories of individuals who were not fully slave or fully free gain recognition. -MH
E.These semifree individuals were known as serfs and they had obligations to the lords whose lands they cultivated. -MH
F.Free peasents often turned themselves and their lands over to a lord for protection. -MH 2.Serfs' Obligations
A.Included both labor services and payments of rent (rent included a portion of the harvest, a chicken, and a dozen eggs). -MH
B.Males serfs: worked three days a week in the fields of their lords and provided additional services during plant and harvesting seasons. -MH
C.Women serfs: churned butter, made cheese, brewed beer, spun thread, wove cloth, and sewed clothes for their lords. -MH
D.Once their obligations were fulfilled, serfs had the right to work on land and pass it to their heirs. -MH
E.Serfs could not move to different lands. -MH 3.Manors
A.The principal form of agricultural organization in western Europe. -MH
B.A large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools, domestic animals, lakes/rivers, and serfs that were bound to the land. -MH
C.Manors dominated rural regions in much of France, western Germany, the Low Countries, southern England, and northern Italy. -MH
D.Manors became self-sufficient communities. -MH
The Economy of Early Medieval Europe 1.Agriculture
A.Agricultural tools/techniques from the classical Mediterranean world did not work for the Europeans. -MH
B.Agricultural production was impacted by the invasions from other peoples. -MH 2.Heavy Plows
A.(Eighth century) A more servicable plow became available (it was a heavy tool equipped with iron tipa that dug into the earth an with a mould-board that turned the soil so as to aerate it thoroughly and break up the root networks of seeds). -MH
B.Was hitched to a oxen or draft horses to pull it. -MH
C.Increased agricultural production. -MH 3.A Rural Society
A.Agricultural surplus was able to sustain political elites but was not enough to support cities. -MH
B.Early medieval Europe was mostly rural society (therefore engaging in little commerce). -MH
C.Manors and local communities produced the manufactured goods (textiles, heavy tools) that they needed. -MH 4.Mediterranean Trade
A.Small-scale exchange in local markets. -MH
B.Maritime trade flourished. -MH
C.Christian merchants from Italy and Spain traded with Muslims of Sicily, Spain, and north Africa. -MH 5.Norse Merchant-Mariners
A.Norse merchant mariners in North and Baltic seas. -MH
B.Followed routes of Vikings. -MH
C.
Area/Origin
What They Traded
Scandanavia
Fish and furs
Poland
Honey
England
Wheat
France
Wine
Low Countries
Beer
Germany
Swords
-MH
D.Traded actively in the Byzantine and Abbasid empires. -MH
E.Linked western Europe with the Islamic world. -MH
F.Imported Abbasid silver used in European coinage. -MH 6.Population
A.
Time
European Population
200 C.E.
36 million
400 C.E.
31 million
600 C.E.
26 million
800 C.E.
29 million
900 C.E.
32 million
1000 C.E.
36 million
-MH
B.Population decrease was caused by epidemic diseases and unsettled conditions of early middle ages. -MH The Fomation of Christian Empire 1.Christian Empire
A.(By the time the Roman empire collapsed) Christianity was the principal source of religious, moral, cultural authority in Mediterranean basin. -MH
B.The conversion of western Europe to Roman Christianity was one of the most important developments of the middle ages. -MH
C.The Franks, the popes, and the monasteries played important roles in the western Europe conversion. -MH
The Politics of Conversion 1.The Franks and the Church
A.Clovis, his successors, and the Carolingians were protectors of the church. -MH
B.Charlemagne helped to spread Christianity in northern lands. -MH 2.The Spread of Christianity
A.Charlemagne sometimes promoted the spread of Christianity by military force. -MH
B.Charlemagne's military campaigns forced the Saxons to accept Christianity. -MH
C.By 1000 C.E., Christianity had the allegiance of most people throughout western Europe. -MH
The Papacy 1. Branches of Christianity
A.The Christian church based at Rome differed on many issues with the Christian church based at Constantinople. -MH
B.(After eleventh century) The two branches of Christianity formed distinct identities: the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. -MH 2.Pope Gregory I
A.Provided the Roman church with a sense of direction. -MH
B.Also known as Gregory the Great. -MH
C.Mobilized local resources and organized the defense of Rome against the Lombards. -MH
D.Reasserted papal primacy (the claim that the bishop of Rome was the ultimate authority in the Christian church). -MH
E.Emphasized the sacrament of penance (required individuals to confess their sins to their priests and then to atone for their sins by penitential acts prescribed by the priests). -MH 3.The Conversion of England
A.By 800 C.E., England was part of the Roman church. -MH
Monasticism 1.Devout Christians
A.(Second and third centuries) Devout Christians lead ascetic and holy lives in the deserts of Egypt. -MH
B.Monastic lifestyle became popular when Christianity became legal (fourth century). -MH 2.Monastic Rules
A.(Early days of monasticism) Each community developed its own rules, procedures, and priorities. -MH 3.St. Benedict
A.480-547 C.E. -MH
B.(529 C.E.) He prepared a set of regulation (Benedict's Rule) for the monastic community that he founded at Monte Casino. -MH
C.Benedict's Rule required monks to take vows to lead communal and celibate lives. -MH
D.Poverty, chastity, obedience became prime virtues for Benedictine monks. -MH 4.St. Scholastica
A.St. Benedict's sister, a nun. -MH
B.482-543 C.E. -MH
C.Within a century of the establisment of Benedict's Rule, most European monasteries and convents observed Benedictine Rule. -MH 5.Monasticism and Society (Monasteries)
A.Became dominant figure in social and cultural life of western Europe. -MH
B.Accumulated large landholdings. -MH
C.Organized much of the rural labor force for agricultural production. -MH
D.Monasteries were/provided: an inn for travelers, places of refuge, orpanages, medical treatment, schools, libraries, and sources of literate, educated, and talented individuals. -MH
CHRONOLOGY
476
Fall of the western Roman empire
480-547
Life of St. Benedict of Nursia
481-511
Reign of Clovis
482-543
Life of St. Scholastica
590-604
Reign of Pope Gregory I
751-843
Carolingian kingdom
768-814
Reign of Charlemagne
800
Coronation of Charlemagne
814-840
Reign of Louis the Pious
843
Dissolution of the Carolingian empire
871-899
Reign of King Alfred
936-973
Reign of King Otto I of Saxony
955
Battle of Lechfeld
962
Coronation of Otto I
-MH
Western Europe during the High Middle Ages
Establishment of Regional states
a.) Beginning late 10th century German princes formed the Holy Roman Empire-Viewed as Christian revival of earlier Roman Empire
b.) Independent monarchies formed in France and England Holy Roman Empire
*Otto I-Otto of Saxony-Had established himself King of Northern Germany by mid 10th century-Campaigned in lands populated by Slavic peoples-Ventured to Italy twice to quell political disturbances and protect the church-Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor 962 A.D
a.) Conflict with papacy prevented emperors from building strong and dynamic empires in Europe
b.) Both Popes and emperors made claims to authority in Christian Europe resulting in tense relations
c.) Popes were powerful enough to prevent emperors from building powerful imperial state
*Investiture Contest-Controversy over appointment of church officials-Late 11th, early 12th centuries-Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) ordered end to lay investiture (selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers like emperors)-Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) challenged they pope's policy-German princes rebelled against the emperor-German princes won concessions that enhanced independence and diminished emperor's authority
*Frederick Barbarossa-Medieval emperor known as"the red beard"-Reigned from 1152-1190-Sought to absorb wealthy urban region of Lombardy (in northern Italy)-Had he accomplished this he would have dominated much of Europe-Popes forced the emperor to relinquish his rights in Lombardy
a.) Early 18th century writer Voltaire said the Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire"-It was a state ruling Germany-Did not restore imperial unity to western Europe
Regional Monarchies in France and England
a.) Regional states began to emerge throughout medieval Europe
*Capetian France-Lords of France elected minor noble (Hugh Capet) to serve as king in 987-He held only a small territory around Paris-Descendants known as Cpetian kings in next 3 centuries added to their resources and expanded political influence-Had centralized power and authority in France by 14th century
*The Normans-English monarchy founders-Descendants of Vikings who carved out a state on peninsula of Normandy during 9th centuryDukes built tightly centralized state-Duke William of Normandy invaded England in 1066-Introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England-Battled with Capetian kings
Regional States in Italy and Iberia
*Church Influence in Italy-No single regime controlled entirety of Italian peninsula-Ruled by series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities competed for power-Popes ruled Papal State-Church influenced politics in north Italy-Lay classes eventually displaced bishops who were ruling
*Italian States-Prosperous city-states (Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan and Venice) dominated surrounding hiterlands by 12th century-Southern Italian Norman adventurers invaded territories still claimed by Byzantine empire and various Muslim states and laid foundation for powerful kingdom of Naples
*Christian and Muslim States in Iberia-Muslim conquerors ruled most of Iberian peninsula (8th-11th centuries)-Small Christian states survived in Northern Spain-By late 13th century Christian kingdoms took over
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
a.) Medieval Europe experienced economic growth as regional states provided effective political organization
b.) Economic revival closely resembled processes that had strengthened China, India, and Islamic world
c.) Increased agriculture, urbanization, manufacturing and trade with distant lands
Growth of the Agricultural Economy
a.) Many developments helped increase agriculture-opening of new lands o cultivation-improved techniques-new crops
*Expansion of Arable Land-Population pressure in Europe by late 10th century-Monks cleared forests and drained swamps and increased land for agriculture
*Improved Agricultural Techniques-Experiments with new crops-Crop rotation-Increased cultivation of beans-More domestic animals-Dug ponds to raise fish
*New Tools and Technologies-Use of watermills-Heavy plows-Introduced horseshoe and collar
*New Crops-Beans and peas became more prominent-Hard durum wheat, rice, spinach, artichoke, eggplant, lemons, limes, oranges and melons became prominent in Mediterranean
*Population Growth-29 million (in Europe) 800 A.D-36 million by 1000-44 million by 1100-1200 A.D reached 58 million
The Revival of Towns and Trade
*Urbanization-Society able to support large numbers of urban residents-New towns founded strategically-Cities founded during Roman times (Paris, London, Toledo) became centers of government and business
*Mediterranean Trade-Italy geographically well situated to trade in Mediterranean basin
*Hanseatic League-Well-developed trade network-In Baltic and North Sea-From Novgorod to London-Dominated trade in fish, grain, furs, timber and pitch from northern Europe
*Improved Business Techniques-Development of credit, banking, and new forms of business-Merchants partnered with each other
Social Change
*The Three Estates-Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work-Pray: Clergy of the Roman Catholic church-Fight: Ranks of nobles who inherited their positions in society and received an educateion-Worked: Cultivated land as peasants-society marked by political, social, economic inequality
*Chivalry-High expectations and ethical standards that encouraged warriors to become cultivated leaders of society
*Troubadours
-Class of traveling poets, minstrels and entertainers women patronized
-Most active in Southern France and Northern Italy
*Eleanor of Aquitaine
-Liberally supported romantic poets and entertainers
-Most celebrated woman of her day
-Emcouraged good manner, refinement and romantic love
*Independent Cities
-Expansion of urban working population promoted development of towns and cities
-Lords could
*Guilds
-Cities of medieval Europe not egalitarian societies: attracted noble migrants and peasants
-Urban nobles often dominated city affairs
-Merchants and workers in arts, crafts and trades organized guilds to regulate production and sale of goods
-Determined pricesat which members had to seell their products
-Regulated entry of new workers into their groups
-Social and economic significance
-Focus for friendship and mutual support
-Built large halls where members held meets, banquets, etc.
-Arranged funeral services for deceased and provided support for survivors
*Urban Women
-Continued to perform same kinds of tasks that their ancestors did in early middle ages
-household chores, weaving, care of domestic animals
-In larger towns women worked with men as butchers, brewers, bakers, etc.
-Dominated occupations involving textiles and decorative arts
-Most guilds admitted women
EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
a.) Representatives of Roman church administered rituals with birth, marriage, and death
b.) Most art, literature and music drew inspiration from Christian doctrine and stories
c.) Western Christianity changed between 1000 A.D and 1300
Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology
*Cathedral Schools
-Maintained by monasteries to provide rudimentary education
-Political leaders sometimes supported scholars who lived at courts but few schools offered formal education beyond elementary level
-By 12th century the cathedral schools had established formal curricula based on writings in Latin (official language of Roman Catholic church
*Universities
-Students and teachers organized academic guilds
-First in Bologna, Paris, Salerno
-Instruction in law, theology and medicine
*Influence of Aristotle
-Western Europeans learned about Aristotle
-Translated his teachings into Latin
*Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas
-Scholastic theology: Sought to synthesize beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy
-Most famous theologian St. Thomas Aquinas
-Taught at University of Paris
-Viewed Aristotle’s teachings as complementary to Christian ideals
-Believed it was possible to rationally prove that God exists
Popular Religion
*Sacraments
-Holy Rituals that bring spiritual blessings on observants
-Church recognized 7 sacraments
-Baptism, matrimony, penance, and the Eucharist (communion)
*Devotion to Saints
-Saints were human beings who led exemplary lives and God holds them in special eteem
-Enjoyed special influence with heavenly authorities and were able to intervene on behalf of living individuals
-Europeans prayed for saints to look after spiritual interests and ensure them admission into heaven -Different saints had reputations of curing disease, guiding sailors and helping living/dead
*Virgin Mary -Mother of Jesus -personified Christian ideal of womanhood, love and sympathy
*Saints’ Relics -Churches assembled vast collections of relics from famous saints (hair, teeth, clothes, bones)
*Pilgrimage -Pilgrims went to Italy and Rome and Jerusalem to see relics and worship
Reform Movements and Popular Heresies
*Dominicans and Fanciscans -St. Dominic (1170-1221) -St. Francis -Founded orders of mendicants
THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE
a.) Economic expansion and demographic growth strengthened European society b.) Knights from all over Europe mounted campaigns deigned to seize holy land of Palestine from Muslims
Atlantic and Baltic Colonization
*Vinland -Found by Vikings (Eric the Red and son Leif Ericsson
a.) Boundaries of CHristian Europe expanded in Meditteranean basin b.) Reconquest of Spain “reconquista
*The Crusades -Crusade means “Holy War” -Refers to massive expeditions that Roman Catholics mounted in effort to recapture Palestine -Launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II -Wars of millitary and political expansion
CHRONOLOGY 962 Coronation of Otto I as Emperor 1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV 1066 Norman invasion of England 1073-1085 Reign of Pope Gregory VII 1096-1099 First Crusade 1122-1204 Life of Eleanor of Aquitaine 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick Barbarossa 1170-1221 Life of St. Dominic 1182-1226 Life of St. Francis 1187 Recapture of Jerusalem by Saladin 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade 1235-1274 Life of St. Thomas Aquinas 1271-1295 Marco Polo’s trip to China
Themes: Interactions between humans and the enviornment
-Germanic peoples took over Spain, Italy, Gaul, and Britain to create kingdoms that only lasted for several centuries.
-Norse Mariners perfected shipbuilding to ensure safe travels over the ocean.
-Norse expansion had reached from their homelands of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden that have reached over to the Shetland Islands, the Faeroes, Iceland, and Greenland.
-Vikings sailed to many countries and performed lightning raids on unprepared people.
Development and Interaction of Cultures
-The Franks made an alliance with the western christian church to help maintain Roman Christianity. -All Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire were polytheists that honored warlike gods and nature elements. -Once Germanic invaders settled around the Roman empire, Germanic peoples converted to Christianity. -A majority of Germanic invaders converted to Arian Christianity, a popular religion from the eastern Roman empire. -The Franks converted with Clovis to Roman Christianity along with his army. -Clovis converted to Roman Christianity instead of Arian Christianity due to his wife, Clotilda. -Franks conversion to Roman Christianity gained recognition and support from the pope and hiearchy of the western christian church.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
-After the western Roman empire almost collapsed by Germanic general Odoacer, administrative apparatus still rose as provincial governers continued to rule their territories with help from Roman bureaucrats and tax collectors.
-Roman generals continued to have armies to help the Roman empire.
-Cities of the western Roman empire declined and progressively weakened.
-In the late fifth century, invaders organized a series of Germanic kingdoms as successor states to replace western Roman empire.
-Franks having an alliance with the church of Rome greatly strengthened them to become the most powerful Germanic people from the fifth to ninth centuries.
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
-Without funding for bureaucracy, Charlemagne wielded power on his own and traveled throughout own empire during reign.
-Got help from aristocratic deputies or counts, who had political, military, and legal authority over local issues, legitimacy of empire was pronounced by Roman Catholic Church.
-Charlemagne established new group of imperial officials in effort to increase control of central government; missi dominici ("Envoys of the lord ruler"), traveled to all local jurisdictions annually to oversee local authorities.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
-Louis the Pious was the only son of Charlemagne, ruler of Carolingian empire.
-Louis had 3 sons that disputed the inheritance of the empire before Louis's death and had wars against each other.
-The 3 sons divided the empire into 3 sections, only having it collapse a century later.
Western European Empire
1.Charlemagne
A.Rules the western European empire. -MH
B.Fought Muslim forces in northern Spain. -MH
C.Sent three embasies to Baghdad and received three in [[#|return]]. -MH
D.Embassies dealt with the issues of the safety of Christian pilgrims and merchants that [[#|travel in]] Abbasis-controlled Syria and Palestine, relations between Charlemagne's realm and neighboring Muslim Spain, and policy toward the Byzantine empire. -MH
E.Charlemagnes's realm was weak and poor compared to Abbasid empire. -MH
F.500 to 1500 C.E.: Medieval period of European history (between the classical era and modern times). -MH
G.500 to 1000 C.E.: European peoples laid foundations for political, economic, cultural society. -MH
H.Early Medieval Europe was politically disunited and disorganized. -MH
The Quest for Political [[#|Order]]
1.Franks
A.(Late fifth century C.E.) Germanic invaders created successor states throughout western Roman empire. -MH
B.(Late eighth and early ninth centuries) Franks looked to reestablish imperial authority in western Europe. -MH
C.(Late ninth century) Frankish empire has internal power struggles and invasions by Muslims, Hungarian Magyars, and the Vikings. -MH
Germanic Successor States
1.Germanic Kingdoms
A.
B.Citizens of the Germanic kingsoms converted to Christianity and adapted Roman law to the needs of their societies. -MH
C.Franks state controlled about half of the territories from the western Roman empire. -MH
D.(476 C.E.) Germanic general Odoacer took control from the last of the western Roman emperors. -MH
2.The Franks
A.The Franks: Center of gravity shifted from Italy to northern lands. -MH
B.Influenced political, social, and cultural developments of western Europe. -MH
C.Had decentralized political institutions. -MH
D.Formed an alliance with the western Christian church. -MH
E.Helped Roman Christianity maintain its cultural and religious importance in western Europe. -MH
The Franks and the Temporary Revival of Empire
1.Clovis
A.Strong military/political leader. -MH
B.Ruled the Franks from 481-511. -MH
C.Made the Franks the preeminent military/political power in western Europe. -MH
D.(486 C.E.) Frankish forces wiped out the last vestiges of Roman authority in Gaul under Clovis's lead. -MH
E.Military campaigns against other Germanic peoples. -MH
2.Clovis's Conversions
A.Most Germanic peoples accepted Arian Christianity. -MH
B.Clovis converted to Roman Christianity. -MH
C.The Franks converted to Roman Christianity. -MH
D.Franks began an alliance with the church of Rome because of their conversion. -MH
E.The alliance with the church of Rome strengthened the Franks. -MH
3.The Carolingians
A.Clovis's successor ruled Frankish kingdom until early eighth century. -MH
B.Aristocratic clan of Carolingians displaced the line of Clovis and asserted the authority of the central government. -MH
C.Charles Martel is the founder of the dynasty. -MH
D.Charles Martel was never the king of the Franks (he served as a deputy to the last of Clovis's descendants). -MH
E.(751 C.E.) Charle's son claimed the throne. -MH
4.Charlemagne
A.Charles Martel's grandson. -MH
B.Reigned from 768 to 814. -MH
C.Reestablished centralized imperial rule. -MH
D.(When he inherited the throne) The realm included modern France, Belgium, Netherlands, and southwestern Germany. -MH
E.(By his death) Empire extended to northeastern Spain, Bavaria, Italy, and Rome. -MH
5.Charlemagne's Administration
A.Established a court and capital at Aachen (in modern Germany). -MH
B.Traveled throughout his realm to maintain authority. -MH
C.Relied on aristocratic deputies (known as counts) (the counts held political, military, and legal authority in local jurisdictions). -MH
D.He instituted a new group of imperial officials, known as missi dominici. They traveled every year to all local jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities (instituted in order to bring the counts under tighter control). -MH
6.Charlemagne as Emperor
A.(800 C.E.) Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor. -MH
B.Pope Leo III proclaimed Charlemagne Emperor (This event is known as his coronation).
C.The coronation strained relations with Byzantine emperors. -MH
Decline and Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire
1.Louis the Pious
A.Charlemagne's only surviving son. -MH
B.Reigned 814-840. -MH
C.Lost control of his counts and local authorities (they began to follow their own interests and ignore the central government). -MH
D.Louis had three sons who inherited the empire and would divide the empire into three equal portions in 843 C.E. -MH
E.Carolingian empire dissolved within a century of its creation. -MH
2.Invasions
A.Muslims raided South, seized Sicily, parts of northern Italy and southern France. -MH
B.Magyars invaded from the east. -MH
C.Vikings invaded from the north. -MH
3.Norse Expansion
A.Motives: population pressure, resisting Christian missionaries. -MH
B.Viking invasions represented one dimension of the larger process of Norse expansion. -MH
C.Some mounted raids in many European regions from Russia to Spain. -MH
D.(1000 C.E.) A group established a colony at Newfoundland (modern Canada) and explored the Atlantic coast of North America (colonies in North America only survived for a few decades). -MH
E.Most Norse seafares were merchants and migrants. -MH
F.Vikings refers to Norse settlements from eastern Europe to Mediterranean lands. -MH
4.The Vikings
A.Sailed shallow-draft boats that could cross heavy seas and rivers of interior regions of Europe. -MH
B.Timed their attacks and took advantage of the tides. -MH
C.Vikings' Attacks
The Establishment of Regional Authorities
1.Caronlingians Defense
A.Carolingians defense against the Magyars, Muslims, and the Vikings was all on the local forces. -MH
2.England
A.Viking invasions brought small kingdoms (Angles, Saxons, other Germanic peoples) to merge into one realm. -MH
B.The leader of the effort to merge the kingdoms into one kingdom was King Alfred (reigned 871-899). -MH
C.King Alfred expanded the kingdom to the north. -MH
D.King Alfred built a navy and constructed fortresses to challenge and gain protection from the Vikings. -MH
3.Germany
A.Local lords took matters into their own hands to prevent invasions by the Magyars. -MH
B.Most successful of the local lords was King Otto I of Saxony (reigned 936-973). -MH
C.King Otto I defeated the Magyar army. -MH
D.The pope proclaimed King Otto I as Emperor (however it was a German kingdom, not an empire). -MH
E.King Otto I imposed authority in Germany and led his armies to support the papacy in Italy. -MH
4.France
A.Counts (of the Carolingian empire) ruled their own territories by collecting taxes, organizing armed forces, building castles, and providing justice. -MH
B.Vikings had settlements in northern France. -MH
C.A centralized imperial rule was impossible because of the effective regional kingdoms. -MH
D.A foundation for social, economic, and cultural development was established by the different states. -MH
Organizing a Decentralized Society (Early Medieval Society)
1.Nobles
A.After Carolingian empire dissolved, local nobles built decentralized states. -MH
B.Local nobles (including counts) were responsible for maintaining order in their territory. -MH
C.Nobles collected rents/fees, administered local affairs, mobilized armed forces, decided legal disputes. -MH
2.Lords and Retainers
A.Lords provided retainers with a grant known as a benefice (it was usually land). -MH
B.Grants allowed retainers to focus all their time and energy to the service of the lords. -MH
C.Lord provided retainers with resources to maintain horses and military equipment. -MH
D.Lord and retainer relationships become stronger throughout time and retainer status became hereditary. -MH
3.Potential for Instability
A.Some retainers would pursue their own interests rather than the interests of their lords. -MH
B.The decentralized political order had a strong potential to lead to political chaos. -MH
C.One could be a lord and a retainer at the same time. -MH
D.Sometimes conflicting loyalties led to instability. -MH
Serfs and Manors
1.Serfs
A.Development of decentralized political order brought changes for slaves and free peasents. -MH
B.The population of western Europe was mostly slaves and free peasents. -MH
C.Slaves and peasents took agricultural taska and frequently intermarried. -MH
D.(Mid-seventh century) Intermediate categories of individuals who were not fully slave or fully free gain recognition. -MH
E.These semifree individuals were known as serfs and they had obligations to the lords whose lands they cultivated. -MH
F.Free peasents often turned themselves and their lands over to a lord for protection. -MH
2.Serfs' Obligations
A.Included both labor services and payments of rent (rent included a portion of the harvest, a chicken, and a dozen eggs). -MH
B.Males serfs: worked three days a week in the fields of their lords and provided additional services during plant and harvesting seasons. -MH
C.Women serfs: churned butter, made cheese, brewed beer, spun thread, wove cloth, and sewed clothes for their lords. -MH
D.Once their obligations were fulfilled, serfs had the right to work on land and pass it to their heirs. -MH
E.Serfs could not move to different lands. -MH
3.Manors
A.The principal form of agricultural organization in western Europe. -MH
B.A large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools, domestic animals, lakes/rivers, and serfs that were bound to the land. -MH
C.Manors dominated rural regions in much of France, western Germany, the Low Countries, southern England, and northern Italy. -MH
D.Manors became self-sufficient communities. -MH
The Economy of Early Medieval Europe
1.Agriculture
A.Agricultural tools/techniques from the classical Mediterranean world did not work for the Europeans. -MH
B.Agricultural production was impacted by the invasions from other peoples. -MH
2.Heavy Plows
A.(Eighth century) A more servicable plow became available (it was a heavy tool equipped with iron tipa that dug into the earth an with a mould-board that turned the soil so as to aerate it thoroughly and break up the root networks of seeds). -MH
B.Was hitched to a oxen or draft horses to pull it. -MH
C.Increased agricultural production. -MH
3.A Rural Society
A.Agricultural surplus was able to sustain political elites but was not enough to support cities. -MH
B.Early medieval Europe was mostly rural society (therefore engaging in little commerce). -MH
C.Manors and local communities produced the manufactured goods (textiles, heavy tools) that they needed. -MH
4.Mediterranean Trade
A.Small-scale exchange in local markets. -MH
B.Maritime trade flourished. -MH
C.Christian merchants from Italy and Spain traded with Muslims of Sicily, Spain, and north Africa. -MH
5.Norse Merchant-Mariners
A.Norse merchant mariners in North and Baltic seas. -MH
B.Followed routes of Vikings. -MH
C.
D.Traded actively in the Byzantine and Abbasid empires. -MH
E.Linked western Europe with the Islamic world. -MH
F.Imported Abbasid silver used in European coinage. -MH
6.Population
A.
B.Population decrease was caused by epidemic diseases and unsettled conditions of early middle ages. -MH
The Fomation of Christian Empire
1.Christian Empire
A.(By the time the Roman empire collapsed) Christianity was the principal source of religious, moral, cultural authority in Mediterranean basin. -MH
B.The conversion of western Europe to Roman Christianity was one of the most important developments of the middle ages. -MH
C.The Franks, the popes, and the monasteries played important roles in the western Europe conversion. -MH
The Politics of Conversion
1.The Franks and the Church
A.Clovis, his successors, and the Carolingians were protectors of the church. -MH
B.Charlemagne helped to spread Christianity in northern lands. -MH
2.The Spread of Christianity
A.Charlemagne sometimes promoted the spread of Christianity by military force. -MH
B.Charlemagne's military campaigns forced the Saxons to accept Christianity. -MH
C.By 1000 C.E., Christianity had the allegiance of most people throughout western Europe. -MH
The Papacy
1. Branches of Christianity
A.The Christian church based at Rome differed on many issues with the Christian church based at Constantinople. -MH
B.(After eleventh century) The two branches of Christianity formed distinct identities: the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. -MH
2.Pope Gregory I
A.Provided the Roman church with a sense of direction. -MH
B.Also known as Gregory the Great. -MH
C.Mobilized local resources and organized the defense of Rome against the Lombards. -MH
D.Reasserted papal primacy (the claim that the bishop of Rome was the ultimate authority in the Christian church). -MH
E.Emphasized the sacrament of penance (required individuals to confess their sins to their priests and then to atone for their sins by penitential acts prescribed by the priests). -MH
3.The Conversion of England
A.By 800 C.E., England was part of the Roman church. -MH
Monasticism
1.Devout Christians
A.(Second and third centuries) Devout Christians lead ascetic and holy lives in the deserts of Egypt. -MH
B.Monastic lifestyle became popular when Christianity became legal (fourth century). -MH
2.Monastic Rules
A.(Early days of monasticism) Each community developed its own rules, procedures, and priorities. -MH
3.St. Benedict
A.480-547 C.E. -MH
B.(529 C.E.) He prepared a set of regulation (Benedict's Rule) for the monastic community that he founded at Monte Casino. -MH
C.Benedict's Rule required monks to take vows to lead communal and celibate lives. -MH
D.Poverty, chastity, obedience became prime virtues for Benedictine monks. -MH
4.St. Scholastica
A.St. Benedict's sister, a nun. -MH
B.482-543 C.E. -MH
C.Within a century of the establisment of Benedict's Rule, most European monasteries and convents observed Benedictine Rule. -MH
5.Monasticism and Society (Monasteries)
A.Became dominant figure in social and cultural life of western Europe. -MH
B.Accumulated large landholdings. -MH
C.Organized much of the rural labor force for agricultural production. -MH
D.Monasteries were/provided: an inn for travelers, places of refuge, orpanages, medical treatment, schools, libraries, and sources of literate, educated, and talented individuals. -MH
Western Europe during the High Middle Ages
Establishment of Regional states
a.) Beginning late 10th century German princes formed the Holy Roman Empire-Viewed as Christian revival of earlier Roman Empire
b.) Independent monarchies formed in France and England
Holy Roman Empire
*Otto I-Otto of Saxony-Had established himself King of Northern Germany by mid 10th century-Campaigned in lands populated by Slavic peoples-Ventured to Italy twice to quell political disturbances and protect the church-Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor 962 A.D
a.) Conflict with papacy prevented emperors from building strong and dynamic empires in Europe
b.) Both Popes and emperors made claims to authority in Christian Europe resulting in tense relations
c.) Popes were powerful enough to prevent emperors from building powerful imperial state
*Investiture Contest-Controversy over appointment of church officials-Late 11th, early 12th centuries-Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) ordered end to lay investiture (selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers like emperors)-Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) challenged they pope's policy-German princes rebelled against the emperor-German princes won concessions that enhanced independence and diminished emperor's authority
*Frederick Barbarossa-Medieval emperor known as"the red beard"-Reigned from 1152-1190-Sought to absorb wealthy urban region of Lombardy (in northern Italy)-Had he accomplished this he would have dominated much of Europe-Popes forced the emperor to relinquish his rights in Lombardy
a.) Early 18th century writer Voltaire said the Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire"-It was a state ruling Germany-Did not restore imperial unity to western Europe
Regional Monarchies in France and England
a.) Regional states began to emerge throughout medieval Europe
*Capetian France-Lords of France elected minor noble (Hugh Capet) to serve as king in 987-He held only a small territory around Paris-Descendants known as Cpetian kings in next 3 centuries added to their resources and expanded political influence-Had centralized power and authority in France by 14th century
*The Normans-English monarchy founders-Descendants of Vikings who carved out a state on peninsula of Normandy during 9th centuryDukes built tightly centralized state-Duke William of Normandy invaded England in 1066-Introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England-Battled with Capetian kings
Regional States in Italy and Iberia
*Church Influence in Italy-No single regime controlled entirety of Italian peninsula-Ruled by series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities competed for power-Popes ruled Papal State-Church influenced politics in north Italy-Lay classes eventually displaced bishops who were ruling
*Italian States-Prosperous city-states (Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan and Venice) dominated surrounding hiterlands by 12th century-Southern Italian Norman adventurers invaded territories still claimed by Byzantine empire and various Muslim states and laid foundation for powerful kingdom of Naples
*Christian and Muslim States in Iberia-Muslim conquerors ruled most of Iberian peninsula (8th-11th centuries)-Small Christian states survived in Northern Spain-By late 13th century Christian kingdoms took over
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
a.) Medieval Europe experienced economic growth as regional states provided effective political organization
b.) Economic revival closely resembled processes that had strengthened China, India, and Islamic world
c.) Increased agriculture, urbanization, manufacturing and trade with distant lands
Growth of the Agricultural Economy
a.) Many developments helped increase agriculture-opening of new lands o cultivation-improved techniques-new crops
*Expansion of Arable Land-Population pressure in Europe by late 10th century-Monks cleared forests and drained swamps and increased land for agriculture
*Improved Agricultural Techniques-Experiments with new crops-Crop rotation-Increased cultivation of beans-More domestic animals-Dug ponds to raise fish
*New Tools and Technologies-Use of watermills-Heavy plows-Introduced horseshoe and collar
*New Crops-Beans and peas became more prominent-Hard durum wheat, rice, spinach, artichoke, eggplant, lemons, limes, oranges and melons became prominent in Mediterranean
*Population Growth-29 million (in Europe) 800 A.D-36 million by 1000-44 million by 1100-1200 A.D reached 58 million
The Revival of Towns and Trade
*Urbanization-Society able to support large numbers of urban residents-New towns founded strategically-Cities founded during Roman times (Paris, London, Toledo) became centers of government and business
*Mediterranean Trade-Italy geographically well situated to trade in Mediterranean basin
*Hanseatic League-Well-developed trade network-In Baltic and North Sea-From Novgorod to London-Dominated trade in fish, grain, furs, timber and pitch from northern Europe
*Improved Business Techniques-Development of credit, banking, and new forms of business-Merchants partnered with each other
Social Change
*The Three Estates-Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work-Pray: Clergy of the Roman Catholic church-Fight: Ranks of nobles who inherited their positions in society and received an educateion-Worked: Cultivated land as peasants-society marked by political, social, economic inequality
*Chivalry-High expectations and ethical standards that encouraged warriors to become cultivated leaders of society
*Troubadours
-Class of traveling poets, minstrels and entertainers women patronized
-Most active in Southern France and Northern Italy
*Eleanor of Aquitaine
-Liberally supported romantic poets and entertainers
-Most celebrated woman of her day
-Emcouraged good manner, refinement and romantic love
*Independent Cities
-Expansion of urban working population promoted development of towns and cities
-Lords could
*Guilds
-Cities of medieval Europe not egalitarian societies: attracted noble migrants and peasants
-Urban nobles often dominated city affairs
-Merchants and workers in arts, crafts and trades organized guilds to regulate production and sale of goods
-Determined pricesat which members had to seell their products
-Regulated entry of new workers into their groups
-Social and economic significance
-Focus for friendship and mutual support
-Built large halls where members held meets, banquets, etc.
-Arranged funeral services for deceased and provided support for survivors
*Urban Women
-Continued to perform same kinds of tasks that their ancestors did in early middle ages
-household chores, weaving, care of domestic animals
-In larger towns women worked with men as butchers, brewers, bakers, etc.
-Dominated occupations involving textiles and decorative arts
-Most guilds admitted women
EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
a.) Representatives of Roman church administered rituals with birth, marriage, and death
b.) Most art, literature and music drew inspiration from Christian doctrine and stories
c.) Western Christianity changed between 1000 A.D and 1300
Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology
*Cathedral Schools
-Maintained by monasteries to provide rudimentary education
-Political leaders sometimes supported scholars who lived at courts but few schools offered formal education beyond elementary level
-By 12th century the cathedral schools had established formal curricula based on writings in Latin (official language of Roman Catholic church
*Universities
-Students and teachers organized academic guilds
-First in Bologna, Paris, Salerno
-Instruction in law, theology and medicine
*Influence of Aristotle
-Western Europeans learned about Aristotle
-Translated his teachings into Latin
*Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas
-Scholastic theology: Sought to synthesize beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy
-Most famous theologian St. Thomas Aquinas
-Taught at University of Paris
-Viewed Aristotle’s teachings as complementary to Christian ideals
-Believed it was possible to rationally prove that God exists
Popular Religion
*Sacraments
-Holy Rituals that bring spiritual blessings on observants
-Church recognized 7 sacraments
-Baptism, matrimony, penance, and the Eucharist (communion)
*Devotion to Saints
-Saints were human beings who led exemplary lives and God holds them in special eteem
-Enjoyed special influence with heavenly authorities and were able to intervene on behalf of living individuals
-Europeans prayed for saints to look after spiritual interests and ensure them admission into heaven
-Different saints had reputations of curing disease, guiding sailors and helping living/dead
*Virgin Mary
-Mother of Jesus
-personified Christian ideal of womanhood, love and sympathy
*Saints’ Relics
-Churches assembled vast collections of relics from famous saints (hair, teeth, clothes, bones)
*Pilgrimage
-Pilgrims went to Italy and Rome and Jerusalem to see relics and worship
Reform Movements and Popular Heresies
*Dominicans and Fanciscans
-St. Dominic (1170-1221)
-St. Francis
-Founded orders of mendicants
THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE
a.) Economic expansion and demographic growth strengthened European society
b.) Knights from all over Europe mounted campaigns deigned to seize holy land of Palestine from Muslims
Atlantic and Baltic Colonization
*Vinland
-Found by Vikings (Eric the Red and son Leif Ericsson
a.) Boundaries of CHristian Europe expanded in Meditteranean basin
b.) Reconquest of Spain “reconquista
*The Crusades
-Crusade means “Holy War”
-Refers to massive expeditions that Roman Catholics mounted in effort to recapture Palestine
-Launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II
-Wars of millitary and political expansion
CHRONOLOGY
962 Coronation of Otto I as Emperor
1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV
1066 Norman invasion of England
1073-1085 Reign of Pope Gregory VII
1096-1099 First Crusade
1122-1204 Life of Eleanor of Aquitaine
1152-1190 Reign of Frederick Barbarossa
1170-1221 Life of St. Dominic
1182-1226 Life of St. Francis
1187 Recapture of Jerusalem by Saladin
1202-1204 Fourth Crusade
1235-1274 Life of St. Thomas Aquinas
1271-1295 Marco Polo’s trip to China
Themes:
Interactions between humans and the enviornment
-Germanic peoples took over Spain, Italy, Gaul, and Britain to create kingdoms that only lasted for several centuries.
-Norse Mariners perfected shipbuilding to ensure safe travels over the ocean.
-Norse expansion had reached from their homelands of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden that have reached over to the Shetland Islands, the Faeroes, Iceland, and Greenland.
-Vikings sailed to many countries and performed lightning raids on unprepared people.
Development and Interaction of Cultures
-The Franks made an alliance with the western christian church to help maintain Roman Christianity.-All Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire were polytheists that honored warlike gods and nature elements.
-Once Germanic invaders settled around the Roman empire, Germanic peoples converted to Christianity.
-A majority of Germanic invaders converted to Arian Christianity, a popular religion from the eastern Roman empire.
-The Franks converted with Clovis to Roman Christianity along with his army.
-Clovis converted to Roman Christianity instead of Arian Christianity due to his wife, Clotilda.
-Franks conversion to Roman Christianity gained recognition and support from the pope and hiearchy of the western christian church.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
-After the western Roman empire almost collapsed by Germanic general Odoacer, administrative apparatus still rose as provincial governers continued to rule their territories with help from Roman bureaucrats and tax collectors.-Roman generals continued to have armies to help the Roman empire.
-Cities of the western Roman empire declined and progressively weakened.
-In the late fifth century, invaders organized a series of Germanic kingdoms as successor states to replace western Roman empire.
-Franks having an alliance with the church of Rome greatly strengthened them to become the most powerful Germanic people from the fifth to ninth centuries.
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
-Without funding for bureaucracy, Charlemagne wielded power on his own and traveled throughout own empire during reign.-Got help from aristocratic deputies or counts, who had political, military, and legal authority over local issues, legitimacy of empire was pronounced by Roman Catholic Church.
-Charlemagne established new group of imperial officials in effort to increase control of central government; missi dominici ("Envoys of the lord ruler"), traveled to all local jurisdictions annually to oversee local authorities.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
-Louis the Pious was the only son of Charlemagne, ruler of Carolingian empire.
-Louis had 3 sons that disputed the inheritance of the empire before Louis's death and had wars against each other.
-The 3 sons divided the empire into 3 sections, only having it collapse a century later.